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Explanation: The precis condenses the original idea into about one‑third length. It uses the author’s concepts in fresh words, maintaining a formal tone.
Explanation: The precis captures the essence — time’s loss, procrastination, discipline, and the importance of early habit formation — without copying phrases.
Explanation: The precis captures the metaphorical praise of books, their timeless benefits, and the contrast between readers and non‑readers, all in fresh language.
Explanation: The precis condenses the concept of discipline as a bridge, highlights the contrast, and reframes the conclusion about freedom, all in original wording.
Explanation: The precis compresses the cause‑effect relationship and the dual solution of sustainable development and individual action, all in a third of the original length.
Explanation: Short, sharp, and precise — the precis hits all key points without borrowing the original's phrasing.
Explanation: The precis captures both the benefits and dangers in a tight paragraph, ending with the key condition — ethical guidance.
Explanation: The precis reframes the definition of success and preserves the contrast between material and meaningful success.
Explanation: The precis balances the two sides of patriotism — devotion and danger — and includes the essential Tagore reference in condensed form.
Explanation: All essential points — failure as a stepping stone, its lessons, social stigma, and the need for a mindset shift — are seamlessly woven together.
๐ Content updated on 25 May 2026
๐ Precis Writing – The Art of Condensation
A precis is a concise summary of a passage that retains its essential ideas, tone, and order. Unlike note making, it is written in paragraph form, approximately one‑third the length of the original. For Class 11‑12 board exams, you must read a passage carefully, identify the central theme and supporting points, and rewrite them in your own words without adding any personal comments or opinions. Clarity, brevity, and coherence are the hallmarks of a good precis.
๐ง๐ซ Tips for parents and teachers: Encourage students to underline key points while reading. The precis must be in their own language, not simply a cut‑and‑paste of sentences. Practising precis writing hones both reading comprehension and writing precision — skills that are invaluable for higher education and professional life.
A precis is a concise summary of a passage that retains its essential ideas, tone, and order. Unlike note making, it is written in paragraph form, approximately one‑third the length of the original. For Class 11‑12 board exams, you must read a passage carefully, identify the central theme and supporting points, and rewrite them in your own words without adding any personal comments or opinions. Clarity, brevity, and coherence are the hallmarks of a good precis.
๐ง๐ซ Tips for parents and teachers: Encourage students to underline key points while reading. The precis must be in their own language, not simply a cut‑and‑paste of sentences. Practising precis writing hones both reading comprehension and writing precision — skills that are invaluable for higher education and professional life.
In this worksheet:
(Click any topic to jump straight to that section)
Precis writing strengthens your grasp on sentence structure and word choice. For more foundational help, visit the
Sentence Structure guide.
You can also build your vocabulary for better rewriting on the
Vocabulary Building page.
For further reading and comprehension skills, the
Comprehension hub is always open.
✅ Solved Examples (10 Questions with Answers)
Study these solved precis. Notice how the core message is captured without any fluff, and the tone remains neutral.
Solved Q.1
Education is not merely the acquisition of facts but the training of the mind to think. It should equip individuals with the ability to analyse, reason, and make informed decisions. In a rapidly changing world, memorising outdated information is futile; what is needed is adaptability and critical thinking. Schools must therefore focus on nurturing curiosity, encouraging questions, and fostering a love for lifelong learning. Standardised tests, which often emphasise rote learning, must be complemented with project‑based and experiential learning. Teachers play a pivotal role by guiding students to explore rather than merely instructing. The ultimate goal of education is to create not just knowledgeable citizens, but wise and compassionate human beings.
Write a precis of the above passage. Give it a suitable title.
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The True Aims of Education
Education is the training of the mind to think, not mere accumulation of facts. In a fast‑evolving world, adaptability and critical thinking matter more than rote memory. Schools should encourage curiosity, questioning, and project‑based learning over standardised tests. Teachers must guide exploration, not just instruct. Ultimately, education aims to create wise, compassionate individuals.
Solved Q.2
Time and tide wait for none. The lost moment is lost forever. Yet, people often waste time, believing they have an unlimited supply. Procrastination is the thief of time, stealing opportunities and piling up regrets. Successful individuals, from scientists to artists, share a common trait: they respect time meticulously. They plan their days, set priorities, and avoid distractions. In contrast, those who drift without a schedule find themselves overwhelmed and unproductive. Time management is not about being busy all day; it is about being effective. Even a few minutes saved and used wisely can compound into significant achievements. The discipline of valuing time must be cultivated early, for it determines the quality of life.
Write a precis of the above passage, with a title.
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The Value of Time
Time is irretrievable, yet people squander it through procrastination. Successful individuals honour time by planning and avoiding distractions, while the undisciplined suffer from inefficiency and regret. Effective time management, which focuses on productivity rather than mere busyness, yields significant rewards. Respecting time early in life is crucial for a fulfilling existence.
Solved Q.3
Books are the quietest and most constant of friends. They are the most accessible and wisest of counsellors, and the most patient of teachers. No matter what our mood — sorrow, joy, or solitude — a book can soothe, inspire, or inform. In the age of digital distractions, the habit of reading is declining, yet its benefits remain unparalleled. Reading builds vocabulary, enhances empathy, and provides a deep understanding of human nature. Libraries are treasure houses that must be protected and promoted. A person who reads lives a thousand lives; the one who doesn’t lives only one.
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The Enduring Magic of Books
Books are unwavering friends, wise counsellors, and patient teachers, capable of comforting any mood. Despite the digital age, reading's unique benefits — vocabulary growth, empathy, and insight into life — remain unmatched. Libraries must be cherished. Reading allows one to experience countless lives, unlike non‑readers who are limited to a single existence.
Solved Q.4
Discipline is the bridge between goals and accomplishment. Without it, talent remains potential and ambitions remain dreams. A disciplined person follows a routine, resists temptations, and stays committed to the task at hand. In contrast, an indisciplined individual falls prey to distractions and never sees projects through. Whether in academics, sports, or a career, discipline separates the achievers from the also‑rans. It is not about punishment but about self‑control and consistency. Cultivating discipline requires practice, just like building a muscle. Start with small, firm commitments and gradually tackle larger challenges. Ultimately, discipline is freedom — freedom from chaos, anxiety, and underachievement.
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Discipline: The Path to Achievement
Discipline connects goals to results; talent alone is insufficient without it. Disciplined people maintain routines and resist distractions, while the undisciplined falter. It is a skill of self‑control and consistency, built through small, progressive habits. Ultimately, discipline grants freedom from chaos and failure, distinguishing achievers from the rest.
Solved Q.5
The environment is the lifeblood of our existence. It provides the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. Yet, human activities — deforestation, industrial pollution, and overconsumption — are degrading these resources at an alarming pace. Climate change, manifested in extreme weather, rising seas, and melting glaciers, is the most visible consequence. Protecting the environment is not a luxury for developed nations; it is a survival imperative for all. Sustainable development, which balances economic growth with ecological responsibility, is the only viable path forward. Every individual can contribute through simple acts like reducing waste, conserving energy, and planting trees.
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Safeguarding Our Planet
The environment sustains life but is being rapidly degraded by human actions, causing climate change. Environmental protection is a universal necessity, not a privilege. Sustainable development, which harmonises economy and ecology, is the only solution. Individuals must also practise waste reduction, energy conservation, and afforestation.
Solved Q.6
Friendship is one of the most valuable relationships a person can have. Unlike family ties, which are determined by birth, friends are chosen. True friendship is built on mutual respect, trust, and the willingness to stand by each other in times of trouble. It does not depend on material wealth or social status but on shared values and understanding. A real friend celebrates your successes without envy and supports you in failure without judgement. In the fast‑paced modern world, where loneliness is rising, genuine friendships are a sanctuary for the soul. They provide emotional support, reduce stress, and add meaning to life.
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The Essence of True Friendship
Friendship, a chosen bond unlike family, rests on trust, respect, and mutual support. It transcends wealth and status, thriving on shared values. In an increasingly lonely world, genuine friendships offer emotional refuge, reducing stress and enriching life.
Solved Q.7
Science and technology have transformed every aspect of human life. From healthcare and agriculture to transport and communication, innovations have made life longer, easier, and more comfortable. Vaccines have eradicated deadly diseases, the internet has democratised information, and machines have reduced physical toil. However, this progress has a dark side. Weapons of mass destruction, environmental degradation, and digital addiction are grim reminders that technology is a double‑edged sword. The ethical use of science, guided by human values, is essential to ensure that it serves as a tool for peace and prosperity, not destruction.
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Science: Promise and Peril
Science has revolutionised life through medical, informational, and mechanical advances. Yet, it has also spawned destruction, pollution, and addiction. To remain a force for good, scientific progress must be tempered by ethical considerations and human values.
Solved Q.8
Success is a term that is often misunderstood. Most people equate success with wealth, fame, or power. However, true success lies in the pursuit of meaningful goals and the satisfaction derived from striving towards them. A wealthy person with poor health and broken relationships cannot be called truly successful. Conversely, a teacher who inspires students or a social worker who uplifts the underprivileged may not be rich, but their life has purpose. Success is a journey, not a destination; it is measured by the obstacles overcome and the lives touched along the way.
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Redefining Success
Success is commonly mistaken for wealth or fame, but its true measure lies in meaningful pursuits and personal fulfilment. A rich yet unhealthy, lonely person is not successful, whereas one who serves society lives with purpose. Ultimately, success is a journey defined by challenges overcome and lives enriched.
Solved Q.9
Patriotism means love and devotion to one's country. It is a noble sentiment that inspires citizens to work for the common good. However, blind patriotism can be dangerous — it can morph into jingoism and fuel conflict. True patriots love their nation but also recognise its flaws and strive to correct them. They pay taxes honestly, follow laws, and participate in the democratic process. They do not hate other nations; they simply want their own to prosper. As Rabindranath Tagore wrote, "Patriotism cannot be our final spiritual shelter; my refuge is humanity."
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True Patriotism
Patriotism, love for one's country, should inspire constructive citizenship, not blind jingoism. Genuine patriots acknowledge national flaws, pay taxes, obey laws, and vote. They seek their nation's prosperity without hostility towards others, remembering that humanity is the ultimate refuge.
Solved Q.10
Failure is not the opposite of success; it is part of success. Almost every great achiever — from Thomas Edison to J.K. Rowling — faced repeated setbacks before breaking through. Failure teaches resilience, humility, and problem‑solving that success alone cannot offer. The fear of failure often paralyses people, preventing them from taking risks. Yet, risk‑taking is essential for growth. Society, unfortunately, stigmatises failure, especially academic failure, causing immense mental pressure. We must change this narrative. Failure should be viewed as a teacher, not a death sentence. As the saying goes, "Fall seven times, stand up eight."
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The Hidden Gift of Failure
Failure is an integral step towards success, as evidenced by countless achievers. It imparts resilience and problem‑solving skills, yet society's stigmatisation, especially of academic failure, instils paralysing fear. We must reframe failure as a valuable teacher, embracing the spirit of perseverance.
Precis writing demands you distil ideas — much like solving a puzzle. Strengthen your grammar further on the
Error Correction page.
You may also appreciate the
Comprehension hub for more reading tasks.
For a broader perspective, the
Formal Communication resources can help you write with precision.
✏️ Practice Questions (10 Questions with Answers)
Read each passage and write a precis. Then compare with the model answer.
Practice Q.1
Health is the foundation of all happiness. A sick person, no matter how wealthy, cannot enjoy life. Good health depends on a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and mental peace. In modern times, junk food, stress, and sedentary lifestyles are eroding public health. People often neglect their health in the pursuit of money, only to spend that wealth later on medical bills. Simple habits like walking, drinking enough water, and meditating can significantly improve well‑being. Health should be a priority, not an afterthought.
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The Bedrock of Happiness
Health is the basis of all joy; wealth cannot compensate for its absence. A nutritious diet, exercise, sleep, and mental peace maintain health. Modern habits — junk food and inactivity — are damaging public well‑being, often sacrificed for money which is later spent on cures. Prioritising simple daily practices like walking and hydration can ensure a better life.Practice Q.2
Social media platforms have revolutionised communication. They enable instant sharing of news, ideas, and personal moments. However, this digital boon has a dark underbelly. The constant comparison with others' curated lives breeds anxiety and depression. Fake news spreads faster than the truth, influencing elections and public opinion. Moreover, excessive screen time disrupts sleep and reduces face‑to‑face interactions. To harness the benefits of social media while minimising its harms, users must practise digital discipline: set time limits, verify information, and cultivate real‑world relationships.
Write a precis.
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The Double‑Edged Sword of Social Media
Social media offers instant connectivity but also causes anxiety through comparison, propagates misinformation, and weakens personal bonds. Mitigating these harms requires digital discipline — limiting usage, verifying facts, and nurturing offline relationships.Practice Q.3
Happiness is a state of mind, not a result of external circumstances. Research shows that lottery winners return to their baseline happiness within a year. Lasting happiness comes from within — through gratitude, meaningful relationships, and a sense of purpose. Material possessions provide fleeting pleasure but cannot sustain joy. People who practise mindfulness and count their blessings daily report significantly higher life satisfaction. The relentless pursuit of more — more money, more status, more things — leads to a hedonic treadmill where satisfaction remains elusive. True contentment lies in appreciating what we already have.
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The Science of Happiness
Happiness is internal, not dependent on external gains. Research confirms wealth does not bring lasting joy. True happiness stems from gratitude, purpose, and relationships. Mindfulness and appreciation of the present, rather than endless material pursuit, lead to genuine life satisfaction.Practice Q.4
Water is the most precious resource on Earth, yet it is alarmingly undervalued. Only a tiny fraction of the planet's water is drinkable, and that supply is under threat from pollution, overuse, and climate change. In many developing countries, women and children walk miles daily to fetch water. Agriculture, which consumes the majority of freshwater, often uses wasteful irrigation methods. Simple solutions — rainwater harvesting, check dams, and efficient appliances — can dramatically improve water availability. Treating water as a finite, invaluable asset is critical for survival.
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Every Drop Counts
Though water is Earth's most vital resource, the small drinkable portion is endangered by pollution and over‑extraction. Fetching water burdens millions in developing nations. Adopting rainwater harvesting, efficient irrigation, and household conservation is essential. Water must be recognised as a finite treasure, not a limitless commodity.Practice Q.5
Trees are the lungs of the Earth. They absorb carbon dioxide, release oxygen, and regulate the climate. Deforestation, driven by urbanisation, agriculture, and logging, is accelerating global warming and destroying biodiversity. Animals lose their habitats and indigenous communities their homes. Reforestation and afforestation projects, if implemented with community involvement, can reverse some of the damage. However, preventing deforestation in the first place is far more effective and cheaper than restoration. Laws must be enforced, and consumers should choose sustainable wood and paper products. A world without trees is a world without breath.
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Guardians of the Earth
Trees act as Earth's lungs, but deforestation for human expansion is worsening climate change and biodiversity loss. While tree‑planting efforts help, prevention is superior to cure. Enforcing protective laws and choosing sustainable products are crucial, for a treeless planet cannot sustain life.Practice Q.6
Adversity reveals character. When life runs smoothly, it is easy to be kind and optimistic. But when storms hit — a job loss, illness, or failure — one's true nature emerges. Some crumble under pressure; others rise stronger. Resilience is the capacity to bounce back from adversity, and research shows it is not an inborn trait but a skill that can be developed. Building resilience involves maintaining perspective, leaning on a support system, and finding silver linings. It does not mean avoiding pain but facing it bravely and growing through it.
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Strength Through Struggle
Adversity exposes true character. Resilience, the ability to recover from hardship, can be cultivated through perspective, support, and optimism. It is not about escaping pain, but confronting it and emerging stronger.Practice Q.7
Digital payments have transformed the Indian economy. Platforms like UPI, Paytm, and Google Pay have made transactions cashless, fast, and transparent. Small vendors who once dealt only in cash now accept digital payments, expanding their customer base. The government's demonetisation push and the subsequent Digital India campaign accelerated this shift. However, challenges persist — cyber fraud, lack of internet access in remote areas, and digital illiteracy among the elderly. Bridging this digital divide requires infrastructure development and education. The future of money is undoubtedly digital, but the transition must be inclusive.
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India's Digital Payment Revolution
Digital payment platforms have revolutionised Indian commerce, enabling cashless, transparent transactions even for small vendors. Government initiatives catalysed this shift. Yet, cybercrime, poor connectivity, and digital illiteracy persist. Inclusive growth demands infrastructure and education to ensure no one is left behind.Practice Q.8
Patience is a virtue that is rapidly eroding in the age of instant gratification. We want same‑day delivery, instant replies, and overnight success. Yet, all meaningful achievements — mastering a skill, building a career, raising a child — require sustained effort over time. Patience helps us endure setbacks without losing motivation. It allows us to make thoughtful decisions rather than impulsive ones. Practising patience involves deep breathing, realistic expectations, and focusing on the process rather than the outcome. In a world that constantly urges us to hurry, patience is a quiet superpower.
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The Quiet Superpower
In an era demanding instant results, patience is fading even though all lasting success takes time. Patience fosters resilience and thoughtful choices. Cultivating it requires realistic goals and process‑focus. It remains an understated but formidable strength.Practice Q.9
Art is not a luxury; it is a fundamental expression of the human experience. From prehistoric cave paintings to digital installations, art has documented history, challenged authority, and provided solace. Engaging with art — whether creating it or appreciating it — sharpens cognitive abilities and emotional intelligence. Art education in schools helps children think creatively and express themselves confidently. In times of crisis, art heals. Cuts to arts funding, therefore, are shortsighted. A society that neglects art neglects its own soul.
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The Soul of Society
Art is an essential human expression, not a luxury. It records history, enhances creativity and emotional skills, and heals in crises. Defunding arts education harms a society's deeper spirit, as art nurtures the imagination and resilience of every generation.Practice Q.10
The importance of sleep is severely underestimated in our productivity‑obsessed culture. Sleep is when the body repairs itself, the brain consolidates memories, and hormones regulating everything from growth to mood are released. Chronic sleep deprivation leads to weakened immunity, poor decision‑making, and increased risk of depression. Yet, teenagers — who need eight to ten hours — often survive on six, fuelled by caffeine and deadlines. The glorification of "hustle culture" that praises sleeping less is dangerous. Prioritising sleep is not laziness; it is a non‑negotiable investment in health and cognitive performance.
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The Necessity of Rest
Sleep, vital for bodily repair and mental consolidation, is undervalued in modern hustle culture. Deprivation harms immunity, cognition, and mood, especially in teenagers. Sufficient rest is not unproductive; it is an essential investment in health and performance.
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๐ Challenge Questions (10 Questions with Answers)
These passages are denser. Write a precis that is crisp and complete.
Challenge Q.1
Technology has advanced at breakneck speed, bringing the world to our fingertips. Yet, this convenience has come at a cost — the loss of privacy. Every click, search, and purchase is tracked, creating digital profiles that companies exploit for profit. Governments, too, use surveillance technology, ostensibly for security, but often intruding upon civil liberties. The balance between technological benefits and privacy rights is delicate. Laws like the GDPR attempt to protect individuals, but enforcement remains uneven. Citizens must become digitally literate, understanding the trade‑offs and advocating for stronger protections.
Write a precis.
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Privacy in the Digital Age
Rapid technological growth offers convenience but erodes privacy through data tracking by corporations and governments. While laws like GDPR exist, they are inconsistently enforced. Digital literacy and advocacy for stronger safeguards are crucial to protect individual rights.Challenge Q.2
The Indian Constitution, drafted over nearly three years by the Constituent Assembly, is a remarkable document. It balances fundamental rights with directive principles, federalism with a strong centre, and rigidity with flexibility. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, its chief architect, called it a "living document" capable of evolving through amendments. Over 100 amendments have been made, addressing issues from land reforms to reservations. Yet, critics argue that the amendment process has sometimes been misused for political gains. The Constitution's strength lies in its foundational values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity — principles that remain the moral compass of the nation.
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India's Living Document
Drafted over three years, the Indian Constitution masterfully balances rights with governance principles. Envisioned as a living document by Ambedkar, it has been amended over 100 times, though some amendments drew criticism. Its enduring strength rests on the core values of justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.Challenge Q.3
Economics is fundamentally about choices — how individuals, firms, and governments allocate scarce resources. Every decision involves trade‑offs. A student choosing between studying and socialising, a company between profit and ethics, a government between military spending and public health — all grapple with opportunity costs. Microeconomics examines individual units, while macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole — inflation, unemployment, and growth. Understanding economics empowers citizens to evaluate policies critically, from GST to farm laws. It demystifies the forces that shape daily life, making it an essential discipline for informed citizenship.
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The Science of Choices
Economics studies the allocation of scarce resources, where every choice carries a trade‑off. Micro and macro perspectives together explain individual and national behaviour. Economic literacy equips citizens to critically assess policies and understand the mechanisms shaping everyday life.Challenge Q.4
Democracy thrives when citizens are active, not passive. It requires a free press that holds power accountable, independent courts that uphold the rule of law, and a vibrant civil society that agitates for rights. When any of these pillars weakens, democracy erodes. Across the globe, democracies are under stress — from disinformation campaigns, populist authoritarianism, and voter disenfranchisement. Yet, hope endures where people raise their voices. The health of a democracy is measured not by the loudness of its leaders but by the depth of its public participation.
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The Pulse of Democracy
A healthy democracy depends on active citizens, a free press, independent courts, and civil society. Disinformation and authoritarianism threaten these foundations worldwide. Ultimately, the depth of public engagement, not the volume of leaders, determines democratic strength.Challenge Q.5
Migration is a natural human phenomenon, driven by the search for better opportunities, safety, or climate. It enriches host countries with skills and cultural diversity but can also strain public services. Migrants themselves endure hardship, discrimination, and separation from their roots. International law distinguishes between refugees — those fleeing persecution — and economic migrants. The global community has a moral obligation to protect the former. Managed well, migration is a powerful engine of development. Xenophobia and walls, however, only breed resentment and deny humanity's interconnected destiny.
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Migration: Humanity on the Move
Migration, driven by economic, security, or climate reasons, brings both benefits and challenges. Refugees deserve special protection under international law. Properly managed, migration fuels development, while xenophobia stifles it, contradicting our shared global future.Challenge Q.6
Colonialism left deep scars on the world — borders drawn without regard for ethnic realities, economies structured to serve the coloniser, and cultural identities systematically erased. Post‑colonial nations still grapple with these legacies decades after independence. Poverty, political instability, and internal conflicts in Africa and South Asia often trace their roots to colonial exploitation. Acknowledgment and reparations remain contentious, but understanding colonial history is crucial for addressing present inequalities. As the Kenyan writer Ngลฉgฤฉ wa Thiong'o argues, decolonising the mind is as important as decolonising the land.
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The Colonial Shadow
Colonialism's arbitrary borders, exploitative economies, and cultural suppression continue to afflict post‑colonial nations through poverty and conflict. Addressing modern inequalities requires acknowledging this history and, as Ngลฉgฤฉ insists, decolonising both land and mind.Challenge Q.7
The Indian monsoon is a meteorological phenomenon that dictates the rhythm of life on the subcontinent. It arrives with dramatic thunderstorms in June and retreats by September, providing over 70% of India's annual rainfall. A good monsoon ensures bumper harvests, replenished reservoirs, and stable food prices. A weak monsoon triggers drought, farmer distress, and inflation. Climate change is now disrupting its predictability — more intense bursts and longer dry spells. Scientists warn that without global climate action, the monsoon's reliability will decline further, threatening the food and water security of over a billion people.
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The Monsoon's Fragile Rhythm
The Indian monsoon, providing most of the nation's rainfall, is critical for agriculture and the economy. Climate change is eroding its predictability, causing extreme bursts and droughts. Without intervention, the food and water security of over a billion people faces severe risk.Challenge Q.8
Artificial Intelligence is poised to reshape the workforce. Routine, repetitive jobs — from data entry to factory assembly — are already being automated. However, AI also creates new roles: data scientists, AI ethicists, and prompt engineers didn't exist a decade ago. The challenge lies in the transition. Workers must be reskilled, and education must pivot from memorisation to creativity and critical thinking. Governments and corporations must collaborate to ensure that AI's productivity gains are shared equitably, rather than concentrated among a few. The future of work is not about humans versus machines, but humans empowered by machines.
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The AI Workforce Revolution
AI is automating routine tasks while creating novel job categories. A just transition requires massive reskilling and education reform towards creativity and critical thinking. With collaborative policy, AI's benefits can be shared widely, shaping a future where machines empower rather than replace humans.Challenge Q.9
The Global South refers to developing nations in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Historically exploited under colonialism, these countries now face the brunt of climate change, debt crises, and vaccine inequity — problems largely created by the industrialised North. Organisations like the G77 and BRICS seek to amplify Southern voices in global governance. The concept of "climate justice" demands that rich nations, responsible for historical emissions, fund the green transition in poorer ones. Solidarity within the Global South — through trade, technology transfer, and collective bargaining — is emerging as a powerful force in reshaping world order.
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The Rise of the Global South
Developing nations, historically colonised and now disproportionately hit by climate and economic crises, are demanding justice through platforms like BRICS. Climate justice requires wealthy nations to fund green transitions. Southern solidarity is becoming a transformative force in global politics.Challenge Q.10
Bioethics addresses the moral dilemmas arising from advances in biology and medicine. Should we edit human embryos? How do we allocate scarce organs? Is it ethical to prolong life artificially? These are not merely academic questions — they affect real patients, families, and societies. The framework of bioethics rests on four principles: autonomy (respecting patient choice), beneficence (doing good), non‑maleficence (avoiding harm), and justice (fair distribution). As technologies like CRISPR and AI diagnostics advance, the ethical complexity multiplies. Society must engage in these conversations, not leave them solely to scientists and corporations.
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The Moral Compass of Medicine
Bioethics navigates life‑and‑death dilemmas in modern medicine, guided by autonomy, beneficence, non‑maleficence, and justice. As technologies like CRISPR accelerate, the ethical stakes rise. These conversations must involve all of society, not just experts, to ensure humane and fair outcomes.❓ Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
FAQ 1
What is the ideal length of a precis?
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Answer: One‑third of the original passage is the general rule. In board exams, stick to the word limit if provided.
FAQ 2
Should I use my own words?
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Answer: Yes, rewrite entirely in your own language. Do not copy sentences from the original.
FAQ 3
Must I give a title?
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Answer: Yes, a precis should always have a title that reflects the central theme.
FAQ 4
Can I include my own opinions?
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Answer: No, a precis is strictly objective. It must only present the original author's ideas, not your commentary.
