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Chapter 1 - Rise of Nationalism in Europe – Class 10 History Important PYQ's (CBSE)

📚 Past Year Questions (PYQs) 2019-2024

This section contains 35 authentic questions from CBSE board exams (2019 to 2024). Organized by marks category with model answers. Practicing these will give you confidence for the actual board exam.

PART A: Very Short Answer Questions (1 Mark Each)

Answer in one word or one sentence. Focus on precision.

  1. Name the artist who prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world free of social divisions. [CBSE 2024]
    Answer: Frédéric Sorrieu.
  2. What was the main aim of the Treaty of Vienna of 1815? [CBSE 2023]
    Answer: To undo Napoleonic changes and restore monarchies.
  3. Who was proclaimed the King of united Italy in 1861? [CBSE 2023]
    Answer: Victor Emmanuel II.
  4. Name the Italian revolutionary from Genoa. [CBSE 2022]
    Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini.
  5. What was the meaning of liberalism in early 19th century Europe? [CBSE 2022]
    Answer: Freedom for individual and equality before law.
  6. Who was described as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order' by Metternich? [CBSE 2021]
    Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini.
  7. What does the term 'Utopian' mean? [CBSE 2021]
    Answer: A vision of society too ideal to be practical.
  8. Which treaty recognised Greece as an independent nation? [CBSE 2020]
    Answer: Treaty of Constantinople (1832).
  9. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in 1871? [CBSE 2020]
    Answer: Kaiser William I of Prussia.
  10. Name the female allegory representing the Republic of France. [CBSE 2019]
    Answer: Marianne.

PART B: Short Answer Questions (3 Marks Each)

  1. Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the unification of Italy. [CBSE 2024, 3 marks]
    Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy (1831) and Young Europe (1834). He inspired nationalists through writings and revolutionary activities. Though his direct attempts failed, he created nationalist sentiment crucial for later unification.
  2. Explain any three features of the Napoleonic Code. [CBSE 2023, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before law. (2) Secured right to property for all citizens. (3) Simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system.
  3. What was the impact of French Revolution on Europe? [CBSE 2023, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Spread ideas of liberty, equality, fraternity. (2) Inspired revolutionary movements in other countries. (3) Led to rise of nationalism as people identified as citizens.
  4. Describe the process of unification of Germany. [CBSE 2022, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Zollverein (1834) for economic unity. (2) Bismarck's wars against Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), France (1870-71). (3) Proclamation of German Empire at Versailles in 1871.
  5. Explain the role of language in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe. [CBSE 2022, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Evidence of common culture and shared heritage. (2) Polish language used as weapon against Russian domination. (3) German philosophers emphasized folk culture through language.
  6. How did Romanticism help in developing nationalist feelings? [CBSE 2021, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Emphasized emotions and intuition. (2) Focused on folk culture as true spirit of nation. (3) Used language and cultural traditions to recover national identity.
  7. Explain the concept of 'liberal nationalism' in early 19th century Europe. [CBSE 2021, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Freedom for individual and equality before law. (2) Government by consent, end of autocracy. (3) Inviolability of private property and freedom of markets.
  8. Describe the significance of the 1848 Revolution of the Liberals. [CBSE 2020, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Forced monarchs to grant concessions. (2) Demanded constitutionalism and national unification. (3) Granted suffrage to all adult males in France.
  9. Explain the term 'conservatism' as it prevailed in Europe after 1815. [CBSE 2020, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Preservation of traditional institutions like monarchy. (2) Resistance to change and revolutionary ideas. (3) Belief that gradual change should come from state.
  10. Describe the contribution of Garibaldi in the unification of Italy. [CBSE 2019, 3 marks]
    Answer: (1) Led 'Red Shirts' volunteer army. (2) Conquered Sicily and Naples in 1860. (3) Handed over territories to King Victor Emmanuel II.

PART C: Long Answer Questions (5 Marks Each)

  1. Describe the process of unification of Italy. Why was it called a 'difficult process'? [CBSE 2024, 5 marks]
    Answer: Italy's unification had three stages: (1) Mazzini's nationalist sentiment creation. (2) Cavour's diplomacy and war against Austria (1859). (3) Garibaldi's conquest of Sicily and Naples (1860). Victor Emmanuel II proclaimed king in 1861. Difficult because: Italy was divided into multiple states; Austria controlled Northern Italy; Pope opposed unification; strong regional differences.
  2. Explain the role of culture in the development of nationalism in Europe with suitable examples. [CBSE 2023, 5 marks]
    Answer: Culture developed nationalism through: (1) Language: Polish preserved identity under Russian rule. (2) Art: Paintings like Delacroix's "Liberty Leading the People" created visual symbols. (3) Music: Karol Kurpinski's operas celebrated Polish nationalism. (4) Education: History taught to glorify nation's past. These elements helped people imagine unified nation.
  3. Describe the main changes brought about by the French Revolution in the life of French people. [CBSE 2023, 5 marks]
    Answer: Changes: (1) Political: Sovereignty transferred to citizens. (2) Administrative: Uniform laws, abolished internal duties. (3) Social: Abolished feudal privileges. (4) Cultural: French became common language. (5) Economic: Church property confiscated, peasants freed. France became nation-state.
  4. How did nationalism develop through culture in Europe? Explain with examples from Poland. [CBSE 2022, 5 marks]
    Answer: In Poland: (1) Language as resistance against Russian domination. (2) Music and operas celebrated national struggle. (3) National symbols and folk traditions maintained identity. (4) Clergy leadership in national movement. Cultural nationalism kept Polish identity alive during 123 years of partition.
  5. Explain the impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe. Was it positive or negative? Justify. [CBSE 2022, 5 marks]
    Answer: Positive: Napoleonic Code established equality, abolished feudalism, standardized measures. Negative: Increased taxation, censorship, forced conscription, economic exploitation. Overall contradictory: Modernized Europe but bred nationalist resistance against French control.
  6. What was the significance of the 1830 and 1848 revolutions in Europe? Explain with examples. [CBSE 2021, 5 marks]
    Answer: 1830 Revolution: Overthrew Bourbon monarchy in France, inspired revolutions in Belgium, Poland, Italy. Showed power of liberal ideas. 1848 Revolution: Wider spread across Europe. Forced monarchs to grant constitutions. Frankfurt Parliament attempted German unification. France established republic with universal male suffrage. Though revolutions failed, they strengthened nationalist movements.
  7. Describe the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. What were its main provisions? [CBSE 2021, 5 marks]
    Answer: Treaty of Vienna (1815) aimed to restore pre-Napoleonic Europe. Main provisions: (1) Bourbon dynasty restored in France. (2) France lost territories conquered by Napoleon. (3) Prussia given Rhineland and Westphalia. (4) Austria given control of Northern Italy. (5) German Confederation of 39 states created. (6) Poland partitioned again. The Treaty established conservative order in Europe.
  8. Explain the economic hardships faced by Europe in the 1830s. How did they contribute to revolutions? [CBSE 2020, 5 marks]
    Answer: Economic hardships: (1) Rapid population growth led to unemployment. (2) Migration from rural to urban areas created slums. (3) Stiff competition from English goods hurt small producers. (4) Bad harvests (1845-46) led to food shortages and price rise. (5) Peasant debts increased. These hardships contributed to revolutions by creating discontent among peasants, workers, and middle classes who joined liberal nationalist movements demanding change.
  9. Describe the allegory of Germania. What symbols were used and what did they represent? [CBSE 2020, 5 marks]
    Answer: Germania was female allegory representing German nation. Symbols: (1) Crown of oak leaves - heroism. (2) Sword - readiness to fight. (3) Black, red, gold tricolor flag - liberal nationalism (from 1848). (4) Broken chains - freedom. (5) Rays of rising sun - beginning of new era. (6) Olive branch around sword - willingness for peace. Germania replaced French Marianne as nationalist symbol.
  10. Compare and contrast the processes of unification of Germany and Italy. [CBSE 2019, 5 marks]
    Answer: Similarities: Both achieved in 19th century. Both involved wars. Both had strong leaders (Bismarck for Germany, Cavour/Garibaldi for Italy). Both used nationalism. Differences: Germany unified under Prussian monarchy, Italy under Sardinia-Piedmont monarchy. Germany achieved through Bismarck's "blood and iron", Italy through combination of diplomacy and popular revolt. Germany faced opposition from Austria, Italy from Austria and Pope. Germany became powerful empire, Italy faced regional divisions longer.

PART D: Map-based Questions (2 Marks Each)

  1. On the outline map of Europe, identify: (i) Kingdom of Sardinia (ii) Vienna [CBSE 2023, 2 marks]
    Answer: (i) Kingdom of Sardinia: North-West Italy. (ii) Vienna: Capital of Austria.
  2. Locate: (i) Prussia (ii) Frankfurt [CBSE 2022, 2 marks]
    Answer: (i) Prussia: North-Eastern Germany. (ii) Frankfurt: Western Germany.
  3. Identify: (i) Genoa (ii) Sicily [CBSE 2021, 2 marks]
    Answer: (i) Genoa: North-West Italy. (ii) Sicily: Southern Italy island.
  4. Locate: (i) Balkans region (ii) Ottoman Empire capital [CBSE 2020, 2 marks]
    Answer: (i) Balkans: South-Eastern Europe. (ii) Ottoman capital: Constantinople.
  5. Identify: (i) Piedmont (ii) Naples [CBSE 2019, 2 marks]
    Answer: (i) Piedmont: North-West Italy. (ii) Naples: Southern Italy.

🎯 Exam Strategy for PYQs

Complete all 35 questions: Questions 26-30 are now properly included
Time management: 1 mark = 2 minutes, 3 marks = 6 minutes, 5 marks = 10 minutes
Map practice: Sketch Europe daily, mark 5 locations
Previous years: 2022-2024 questions have highest probability
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Guided Path Noida Team

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